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Taxonomists used to consider the California Towhee and the almost identical Canyon Towhee the same species, the Brown Towhee.
Two species complexes have been identified, the rufous-sided complex (involving Pipilo erythrophthalmus, P. maculatus, P. socorroensis, P. ocai and P. chlorurus), and the brown towhee complex (involving Pipilo crissalis, P. fuscus, P. aberti and P.
Differences in behavior, vocalizations, and genetics indicate that populations in CA and OR are distinct from populations e of CA, and are now considered separate species. Formerly called Brown Towhee as was Canyon Towhee.
 See also: Towhee, Spotted Towhee, Sparrow, California Towhee
  
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