Complex Adaptive Systems are best thought of as a subset of all systems that display specific characteristics. In the remainder of this essay I discuss some of these characteristics, and indicate how cities may demonstrate these same features.
This kind of system is known as a complex adaptive system (CAS, Forrest and Jones 1995). In Langton's model, cells would be able to change their transition rules.
Doyne Farmer was a key figure in tying artificial life research to the emerging field of complex adaptive systems, working at the Center for Nonlinear Studies (a basic research section of Los Alamos National Laboratory), ...
HP Labs’ complex adaptive systems group first started working on trading algorithms in the mid-1990s. But they were originally developed to help large companies allocate computing resources in data centres. ...
An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms (Complex Adaptive Systems)
by: Melanie Mitchell
Fuzzy logic ...
is often used as a shorthand for the field that developed in the late 1980s around the use of mathematical and computational modeling of biological, economic and technological systems known as "complex systems" (sometimes complex adaptive ...
 See also: Agent, Complexity, Knowledge, Artificial intelligence, Demon
  
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