General Problem Solver (GPS) was a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert Simon, J.C. Shaw, and Allen Newell intended to work as a universal problem solver machine. Any formalized symbolic problem can be solved, in principle, by GPS.
Problem Solvers
ELIZA
Eliza, Joseph Wiezbaum's result of trying to make a program converse in English amazed people when it appeared in mid 1960's.
Problem solvers solve problems by applying the rules. Some of these rules may be more useful than others and the results are stored as a chunk. Chunking can be used to learn general search control knowledge.
GPS General Problem Solver, an early program for state space search in several application domains.
The work started by projects like the General Problem Solver (see Early Work in AI) and other rule-based reasoning systems (like Logic Theorist, mentioned in the same chapter) became the foundation for almost 40 years of research.
Simon, "A variety of intelligent learning in a general problem solver," in [D].
[16] R. J. Solomonoff, "The Mechanization of Linguistic Learning," Zator Co., Cambridge, Mass., Zator Tech. Bull. No.
"From photocopiers to space probes, machines injected with robotic self-awareness are reliable problem solvers. ... But Deep Space One had something Mars Polar Lander lacked: an onboard robot able to think autonomously and handle the unexpected.
Newell and Simon ran the General Problem Solver incorporating "means-ends analysis." Means-ends analysis seeks to reduce the difference between the predicted outcome and desired outcome by changing controlling factors.
IPL was used by the authors to develop several early artificial intelligence programs, including the Logic Theory Machine, the General Problem Solver, and a computer chess program.
Newell, Shaw and Simon's General Problem Solver (GPS, 1963);
Nilsson & Fike's Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver (STRIPS, 1971) --- controlled a mobile robot called Shakey
Perception
machine vision ...
Simon was a pioneer in the field of Artificial Intelligence, creating with Allen Newell the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (GPS) (1957) programs.
What is important for AI is to have algorithms as capable as people at solving problems. The identification of subdomains for which good algorithms exist is important, but a lot of AI problem solvers are not associated with readily identified ...
With this we conclude this article by inviting the problem solvers to use this framework in solving their computational problems.
1 The General Problem Solver and Difference Tables 576
14.2 Resolution Theorem Proving 582
14.3 PROLOG and Automated Reasoning 603
14.4 Further Issues in Automated Reasoning 609
14.5 Epilogue and References 666
14.6 Exercises 667 ...
 See also: Artificial intelligence, Knowledge, AI, Problem solving, Agent
  
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