DNA damage checkpoints. These sense DNA damage before the cell enters S phase (a G1 checkpoint) as well as during S phase.
"Bipyrimidine photoproducts rather than oxidative lesions are the main type of DNA damage involved in the genotoxic effect of solar UVA radiation". Biochemistry 42 (30): 9221-6. doi:10.1021/bi034593c. PMID 12885257. , ...
John Battista (Louisiana State University): Enhance understanding of Deinococcus radiodurans and define the novel protein family responsible for DNA damage repair; ...
The coordinate induction of many genes in response to certain types of DNA damage.
This is often because the genes that make the proteins that normally repair DNA damage are themselves not functioning normally because they are also mutated.
It can also be a cell's response to DNA damage and virus infection. Characteristics of apoptosis include activation of a Caspase pathway, digestion of structural proteins, degradation of chromosomal DNA, and phagocytosis of the cell.
 See also: DNA, Trans, Protein, Cells, Gene
  
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