Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of chemical reaction that results in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate.
Substrate (biochemistry)
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Definition of substrate :
A molecule that an enzyme binds and acts upon.
Chapter 4
Substrate specificity and inducibility of TACE (tumour necrosis factor b-converting enzyme) revisited: the Ala-Val preference, and induced intrinsic activity ...
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
The formation of ATP in the cytoplasm is substrate-level phosphorylation.
Energy from a high-energy substrate is used to transfer a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.
substrate -- "Supporting surface" on which an organism grows. The substrate may simply provide structural support, or may provide water and nutrients. A substrate may be inorganic, such as rock or soil, or it may be organic, such as wood.
Substrate
A chemical recognized by an enzyme.
Substution mutation
A mutation that replaces one nucleotide in a DNA sequence with another nucleotide.
substrate
[L. substratus, strewn under]
(1) The substance on which an enzyme works. (2) The foundation to which an organism is attached.
substrate-level phosphorylation ...
substrate feeders Animals such as earthworms or termites that eat the soil or wood through which they burrow.
Substrate: The material upon or within which a plant or animal live or grows (e.g. rocky or sandy substrate). See also benthic.
Sunlight Zone: see Photic Zone.
Pseudosubstrate An amino acid sequence that resembles the actual substrate for an enzyme except that a crucial amino acid has been changed, converting the sequence into an inhibitor; ...
substrate-level phosphorylation The generation of ATP by coupling strongly exergonic reactions with the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate.
subtidal zone The bottom above the continental shelf .
E. all substrate has been converted to product
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Deoxynucleotides, substrates for DNA polymerases.
Related
ddATP, ddCTP, ddGTP, ddTTP ...
Concentration of substrate and product also control the rate of reaction, providing a biofeedback mechanism.
Activation, as in the case of chymotrypsin, protects a cell from the hazards or damage the enzyme might cause.
Our aim is to alter substrate specificity in T7 RNA polymerase for efficient incorporation of dNTPs and other nucleotide analogs.
in the absence of a substrate (lactose in our example) or
the presence of an essential metabolite (tryptophan is our example).
However, some gene transcription in E. coli is under positive control.
Positive Control of Transcription: CAP ...
A natural or synthetic RNA molecule that cuts an RNA substrate. Cation. A positively charged ion. cDNA. DNA synthesized from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase. cDNA library. A library composed of complementary copies of cellular mRNAs.
Edaphic factor: A permanent or nearly permanent condition of the substrate that influences the types of plants that grow in an area.
They speed up the rates of reactions by lowering the energy of activation of the substrate molecules which they convert to product molecules.
Homopolymer tailing Extension of the 3' ends of a piece of double-stranded DNA using the enzyme terminal transferase and a single deoxynucleoside triphosphate as substrate, resulting in a 3' overhang composed of a single base repeat.
Endonuclease An enzyme that cleaves its nucleic acid substrate at internal sites in the nucleotide sequence.
Enzyme A protein catalyst which is essential to the correct functioning of biochemical reactions.
EST Expressed sequence tag.
In this technique, the probe is labeled, either radioactively or by chemically attaching a fluorochrome visualised by fluorescence or an enzyme that can convert a substrate to a visible dye.
Typically an enzyme is optimized to perform a simple chemical operation on another chemical (the substrate). However it can also perform operations with much less efficiency on other substrates.
(Science: chemistry) A specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place (binding site). The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
An exonuclease progressively cleaves from the end of the substrate molecule; an endonuclease cleaves at internal sites within the substrate molecule.
Related Terms:
Enzyme ...
When you added the substrate, there's no enzyme there to change its color and so it will stay yellow. If the reporter gene has been turned on, then that enzyme will be there and it will start turning the substrate red.
An enzyme that cleaves its nucleic acid substrate at internal sites in the nucleotide or base sequence. See also restriction enzyme.
Related Terms:
Enzyme ...
Cells from the Chinese Hamster Ovary are shown undergoing mitosis. Beginning with a cell spread on the substrate, follow prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis and reattachment of the two daughter cells to the substrate.
Catalytic RNA (ribozyme). A natural or synthetic RNA molecule that cuts an RNA substrate.
Cation. A positively charged ion.
cDNA. DNA synthesized from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase.
rasping mouthparts - mites scarify the surface of the substrate and feed on exposed tissue using such mouthparts
raster - area at end of abdomen in white grub larvae consisting of anal slit and surrounding spines ...
Usually these are small plants (less than 5 cm high) attached to moist or wet substrates by rhizoids; this is the sporophyte generation.
enzyme commonly conjugated with antibody for use in immunoassays catalyses substrate ...
An enzyme that cleaves nucleotides sequentially from free ends of a linear nucleic acid substrate.
Expressed gene
See: gene expression ...
coenzymes - Small molecule tightly associated with an enzyme that participates in the reaction that the enzyme catalyzes, often by forming a transient covalent bond to the
substrate.
They extend the DNA using deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTP) as substrates and releasing pyrophosphates. The dNMPs are added to the 3' OH end of the growing strand (thus, DNA replication proceeds from 5' to 3' end).
 See also: Enzyme, Trans, Protein, Organ, Cells
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