Bitumen (asphaltum) This transparent rich brown pigment never dries completely and causes deterioration and craquelure if used in under-painting. It was used, with frequently disastrous results, in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
bitumen - A tarry substance formerly used as an oil color, now obsolete because of its tendency to crack and darken.
Bitumen Deformation:
Bitumen paint, a dark paint made from coal tar and frequently used in 19th Century paintings, ...
Known also as Cassel Earth, Rubins Brown, and Cologne Brown, this transparent brown pigment dates from the 17th century and is a mixture of clay, iron oxide, humus and bitumen.
The photograph was made using a camera obscura and a sheet of pewter coated with bitumen of Judea, an asphalt that when exposed to light, hardened permanently.
The blocks are laid directly on a smoothed concrete bed or floor in a damp-proof mastic having bitumen as its base; this fulfils the double purpose of preventing the wood from rotting, and securing the blocks in their places.
This emphasis on brilliance of colour was in reaction to the excessive use of bitumen by earlier British artists, such as Reynolds, David Wilkie and Benjamin Robert Haydon.
The equally masterful color scheme of variations on black, white, and red is now hard to appreciate because Romney used bitumen.
After sensitizing a copper plate and exposing it to light to form the image, resin or bitumen grain was scattered over it. The procedure continued as for a normal aquatint plate.
With burning smoke, or where bitumen lakes
On black bare pointed islets ever beat
With sluggish surge....
"Shelley's imaginary landscape predicts the real one of Yellowstone that Moran would eventually paint.
 See also: Painting, Varnish, Resin, Impression, Illustration
  
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