The PCRaster spatial modelling language is an extension of the ideas behind Map Algebra and the Cartographic Modelling Language proposed by Berry and Tomlin (Berry 1987, Tomlin 1990) but includes new ideas of iterations used in Dynamic Modelling.
The use of GIS spatial modelling tools in several traditional resource activities has helped to quantify processes and define models for deriving analysis products. This is particularly true in the area of resource planning and inventory compilation.
Topology is useful in GIS because many spatial modelling operations do not require co-ordinate locations, ...
Commonly referred to as GRASS, this is a Geographic Information System (GIS) used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics/map production, spatial modelling, and visualization.
CrimeAnalyst provides the tools to support a broad range of analysis, spatial modelling and temporal investigation of crime data.
These topological relationships allow complex spatial modelling and analysis to be performed.
Openshaw, S., 1977. "A geographical solution to scale and aggregation problems in region-building, partitioning and spatial modelling," Institute of British Geographers, Transactions 2(NS):459-72.
 See also: Model, GIS, Analysis, Environment, Information
  
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