Proofs differ from essays in that they have the same design as the finished stamp.
Proofs
An impression made during the production of stamps. For use only by printers and postal administrations, these are not available to collectors.
Self-Adhesive ...
Proofs. Trial impressions from a die or printing plate that are made before the formal production of stamps. Such proofs are made to check defects in the plate work or design of the stamps.
Proofs: Trial impressions from a die or printing plate before actual stamp production. Proofs are made to examine a die or plate for defects or to compare the results of using different inks.
Proofs: Trial impressions from dies.
Provisional: A stamp issued for temporary usage.
R ...
Die Proofs They are normally printed in black, from the engraver's completed die, and submitted for official approval.
Proofs of a stamp design, printed in different colors to select the final, most suitable, color of a stamp. Also known as trial color proofs.
Column
A vertical, single-stamp-width multiple of stamps from a sheet, pane, or booklet.
Some proofs were made in other colours, to demonstrate what those colours would look like. These are called Trial Colour proofs.
An Essay, Proofs and Specimens of Switzerland's Perforated Sitting Helvetia
National Topical
Phillip J. Stager ...
Progressive proofs also form part of the design and approval process for a stamp. Any changes made during this process turn the proofs into essays which may be identified retrospectively because they differ from the issued stamp.
Rainbow proofs, trials: British color trials to test various colored inks, cancellations and paper; 1840-41.
Raised S: refers to the letter "S" in the word postage being slightly higher and tilted on U.S.
1921 Morgan dollar Proofs supposedly struck for coin dealer Henry Chapman, having cameo devices and deeply mirrored surfaces like most Morgan dollar Proofs.
Charlotte ...
Proofs are also pulled to enable engravers to see how their work on a die is progressing. see Progressive Proof. Proofs have been made as philatelic favors for dignitaries, sometimes years after the stamp was issued.
Plate Proof - Certified plate proofs are the last printed proof of the plate before printing the stamps at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. These plate proofs are each unique, with the approval signatures and date.
Lee specializes in Literature, Postal history, and Essays & Proofs (a topic I have not covered in my alphabet, but one well worth investigating if it is new to you).
Included are discussions on Proofs, Printing Periods, Plates, Colour, Perforations, Paper, Gum, Imprints, Imperforates, Varieties, Postal History and more. Here is a good introduction by one of the leading authorities on the issue.
Traditional - collecting stamps country wise. This includes collecting all kinds of stamps, essays, proofs, watermarks, gum, errors and forgeries.
India Paper: A thin, tough opaque printing paper of high quality used primarily for striking die proofs.
Other types of paper seldom used that you will come in contact with include: native paper, used in early Asian stamps; manila paper, used mostly in envelopes; and India paper, introduced in China, mostly for die proofs and specialty applications.
From there the engraver works in, leaving the central vignette to the last. As he works he takes sample impressions to check his work, and these are known as die proofs, and as such are widely collected.
 See also: Proof, Used, Stamp, Printing, Plate
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