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Bellows Factors
In the old days we spent a lot of time worrying about exposure variations as we got closer. This is becasue the lens moves away from the film as you get closer. This reduces the effective aperture.
Bellows factor
The exposure compensation necessary when focusing on close subjects, which becomes necessary when the subject is closer than ten times the focal length of the lens.
They must understand, for example, view camera movements, bellows factors, and reciprocity.
Bellows factor/magnification
Rows for Rise, Swing, Tilt, and Shift (No "fall" on Arcas), for Front and Rear standards.
Metering (incident, reflective, how, ...)
Filters (e.g., 81, Pol, Center) ...
 See also: Sensor, Image, Meter, Gradation, Photography
  
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