Pan and tilt head - tripod head allowing the camera to be tilted up and down or turned through a 360° arc.
A geared pan and tilt head like Bogen's 3275 (Manfrotto 410) allows you to set pan, and tilt in both directions, with a 'micrometer' screw handle adjustment. You just twist the appropriate knob and the camera rotates smoothly on that tilt or pan axis.
b) The second technique involves using a pan and tilt head mounted on a tripod. Great subject matter for this treatment includes tress in a forest and buildings.
Heads tend to come in two categories - the pan and tilt heads and the ball and socket heads. Both have advantages and disadvantages. The pan and tilt heads move up and down, left to right.
Pan and tilt heads offer great control in composing your picture but they are slow to operate since you have to work with three different controls. Ball heads have only one control. When you loosen the control all movements are free.
 See also: Pan, Tripod, Light, Camera, Photograph
  
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