Reciprocity failure
It occurs in photographic emulsions when exposure times fall outside a films normal range. At these times an increase in exposure is required in addition to the assessed amount.
Reciprocity Failure
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Reciprocity Failure (film users only)
All color films suffer from reciprocity failure when exposed for longer than a few seconds. This results in a color shift as the three layers of the film respond to a different degree.
Reciprocity failure in photography is the fall off of light on camera meters for exposures longer then about 2 seconds because the film took longer to expose properly.
Reciprocity failure
Reciprocity law states that as you increase the intensity of light reaching the film you also need to decrease the speed it reaches the film by the equivalent amount.
Reciprocity Failure Calculations
For reciprocity failure I just add a chart to each camera. I find no need to compensate on Velvia up to a minute or so, and longer than that I add a stop or two depending on how rushed I am.
Reciprocity Failure in the Second Exposure. -
The magnitude of the second exposure determines the final density in the zone of low initial exposure, i.e., on the left side of the H & D curve.
RECIPROCITY FAILURE - When a film's speed cannot be relied upon for proper exposure at slow shutter speed, reciprocity failure (or the "Reciprocity effect") is said to occur.
Reciprocity Failure
As film is exposed to light, it becomes less and less sensitive. The longer it is exposed, the less sensitive it become.
Cause: Reciprocity failure. The relationship between shutter speed and f-stops that increasing one and decreasing the other for the same exposure does not hold true in long exposures. Solution: You must add more light when using very long exposures .
Use a digital camera; the colors will be cleaner and more true than with film, which suffers from "reciprocity failure" during long exposures.
Unfortunately, at very long exposure times you bump up against an additional problem called "reciprocity failure" This means that at extremely low (or high) levels of the light falling on the film, the film doesn't work at the expected ASA number.
Due to the large f-number of a pinhole camera, exposures will often encounter reciprocity failure.
Reciprocity effect (reciprocity failure). A shift in the color balance or the darkness of an image caused by very long or very short exposures.
We use to have reciprocity failure in the old film days (I still play with this on my 4 x 5) and see the similarities in color effects in HDR. It is quite simple to create even greater dynamic range to the point where the term HDR comes in to play.
Modern digital cameras are no longer limited by reciprocity failure and provide instant feedback - greatly increasing the enjoyment and lowering the risk of investing the time to take photographs at odd hours.
The Provia has good characteristics for nighttime work because it has very little reciprocity failure and very little color shift during long exposures. If I'm recording star trails, I might have the shutter open for an hour or even longer.
At longer and longer exposure times, it becomes necessary to compensate for something known as "reciprocity failure," where the reciprocal relationship between aperture and shutter speed begins to break down, ...
Color Shift
Color distortion or inaccuracy caused by problems with film or processing, White Balance or transfer, light sources, Reciprocity Failure, projection, or viewing sources, and, painfully, much more.
system in which only the rear lens group moves during focusing, thus eliminating changes in the physical length of the lens during focusing and enabling faster focusing. Such lenses are designated with RF on the lens barrel. Reciprocity Failure A ...
Feel free to use a small aperture and low ISO for good quality. (If using film, avoid settings that would require exposures of more than a few seconds or give a stop or two extra exposure for - or up how to best adjust for--"reciprocity failure".) ...
 See also: Exposure, Reciprocity, Camera, Photograph, Light
  
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