Viparyaya

They originate from five cognitive sources: pramana, proof or valid cognition; viparyaya, illusion or invalid cognition; vikalpa, fancy or objectless verbal cognition; nidra, sleep or unconscious cognition; and smriti, ...

Vritti ("whirl") - in Patanjali's yoga-darshana, specifically the five types of mental activity: valid cognition (pramâna), misconception (viparyaya), imagination (vikalpa), sleep (nidrâ), and memory (smriti) ...

Viparyaya: Wrong knowledge; wrong cognition.
Virodha: Opposing.
Visesha: Distinction; defined.
Vishaya: Objects.
Visoka: Without sorrow.
Vitaraga: One who is desireless.
Viveka: Discrimination.
Vritti: Modification of mind; thought-wave.

Self (atman) knows that it exists because it is aware of itself, and cosmic consciousness, of objects held in the mind. Chitta has five states: experienced knowledge, misconception, imagination, deep or dreamless sleep and memory (pramana, viparyaya, ...

valid means (pramaṇa) of obtaining valid knowledge (prama) - perception (pratyakṣa), inference (anum�na), comparison (upam�na) and verbal testimony (śabda). Invalid knowledge includes memory (smṛti), doubt (sa�śaya), error (viparyaya) and ...

for dealing with mundane affairs, and is even necessary to a certain extent for the lower stages of spiritual practice. But in the end, the brain is inherently limited in what it can know and is prone to what Patanjali calls misconception (viparyaya) ...

See also: Mind, Consciousness, Yoga, Vikalpa, Breath